Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) – Abnormal backflow of urine from the bladder into the ureters/kidneys. Bacteria in the lower urinary tract can easily be spread by reflux to the upper tract, leading to recurrent infection with potential scarring and renal dysfunction. Grading Grade I – reflux into non-dilated ureter (results in urine reflux into the ureter only) […]
Klinefelter syndrome also known as 47,XXY or XXY, is the set of symptoms that result from two or more Malcolm Gin (photographer) https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bodymorphproj_mkg_modA001_20070325_pos03.jpg X chromosomes in males. Apart from 47,XXY there also 48,XXXY and 49,XXXXY types exist. This is called as variants of Klinefelter syndrome. Klinefelter syndrome is a form of primary testicular failure, with elevated gonadotropin levels due to lack […]
A-a Gradient or Alveolar-arterial PO2 difference – measure of the difference between the alveolar concentration (A) of oxygen and the arterial (a) concentration of oxygen. The A-a Gradient can help determine the cause of hypoxia. Assesment of oxygenation valid only on room air increase with age Causes of increased (A-a) difference: COPD Atelectasis Pneumonia Pulmonary edema Asthma Pneumothorax ARDS […]
Reye’s syndrome is encephalopathy combined with hepatic fatty infiltration which usually begins shortly after recovery from an acute viral illness, especially influenza and varicella (chickenpox) in a child who has recently had aspirin or salicylates.
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