Hemolytic Anemia
Hemolysis is the destruction of red blood cells before their lifespan reaches 120 days.
Thalassemia
Genetic diseases of defective globin chain of hemoglobin with impairment of production. Result lead to abnormal globin precipitation destruct the erythrocyte membrane, hemolysis occur. Microcytic…
Sideroblastic Anemia
Microcytic anemia. Can be macrocytic or normocytic. Iron cannot incorporate into hemoglobin and deposit in the RBC precursor blast due to the defects in the…
Iron deficiency Anemia
Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA) caused by lack of iron due to blood loss, diminished dietary iron intake, or poor absorption of iron. Average adult dietary…
Thrombocytes (Platelets)
Form from megakaryocytes in the bone marrow.
Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)
Leukocytes are divided into granulocytes and agranulocytes. Granulocytes are leukocytes that contain distinct granules in their cytoplasm, whereas agranulocytes not. Granulocytes: Neutrophil, Eosinophil, Basophil Agranulocytes:…
Peripheral Blood film
A peripheral blood film (PBF) is the result of a laboratory workup that shows blood cells and other structures in the blood, which includes microscopically…
Anatomical Regions
The human body is divided by two major divisions: Axial Appendicular Axial ‘s major regions are: Head (Cephalic) Neck (Cervical) Thorax (Thoracic / Thoracis) Abdomen…
Anatomical terminology
Terms that are being used in Anatomy is Anatomical Terminology. They are made up of suffixes, prefixes and root words that are mainly derived from…
Erythrocytes
Oval biconcave disk, of size 6 – 8 micron. They lack a cell nucleus and most organelles. Abnormal shapes of the Red Blood Cells RBC with increase…
Hematopoiesis
Hematopoiesis is the process by which blood cells are formed. It is a continuous process that maintains an adequate supply of blood cells in the…
Hematopoietic Stem Cell
Hematopoietic stem cells are found in the bone marrow of adults, especially in the pelvis, femur, vertebral bodies and sternum. All blood cells are derived…
Fragile X syndrome
Fragile X syndrome an X-linked disorder caused by expansion of the CGG trinucleotide repeat affecting the Fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene on the X…
Investigations & Treatment of GERD
Diagnosis It is based on patient symptoms. 24 Hour pH Monitoring If diagnosis is unclear and PPI are not responding, 24h pH monitoring can be…
Signs and symptoms of Gastroesophageal reflux disease
Esophageal heartburn and regurgitation, often provoked by bending, strenuous activity or lying flat acidic taste in the mouth Waterbrash frequent belching Dysphagia, odynophagia Extra-esophageal Chronic Cough…
Causes of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
In healthy individuals, lower esophageal sphincter is contracted tonically. It relaxes when the food is being swallowed. Inappropriate relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter Reduced…
Enteropathic Arthritis
Arthropathy associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD: Ulcerative Colitis (UC) and Crohn’s Disease (CD)). An acute inflammatory oligoarthritis presents in some of the patients with…
Psoriatic Arthritis
Inflammatory arthritis associated with psoriasis. Pain, swelling, or stiffness in one or more joints is commonly present in psoriatic arthritis. Distal interphalangeal joints (DIP) and…